Making water safe.
WHAT TREATMENT MUST ACHIEVE
Removal of contamination to the required standard.
WHAT STAGES TYPICALLY APPLY
Sedimentation, removing suspended matter Filtration, removing particles Specific treatment for chemical content Disinfection, killing organisms Final polishing
WHY MULTIPLE STAGES
Each removes different contamination, and none removes everything.
WHAT FILTRATION TYPES EXIST
Sand and gravel filtration Cartridge filtration at decreasing sizes Activated carbon, for taste, odour and chlorine Membrane filtration, for dissolved content
WHAT DISINFECTION METHODS EXIST
Ultraviolet treatment Ozonation Chemical disinfection
WHAT ULTRAVIOLET REQUIRES
Water clear enough for light to penetrate Lamps within their service life Correct flow rate
WHY LAMP LIFE MATTERS
Lamps continue to light after they stop disinfecting effectively.
WHAT TO ESTABLISH
Replacement intervals, and adhere to them.
WHAT MEMBRANE SYSTEMS REQUIRE
Pre-treatment protecting the membrane Regular cleaning Membrane replacement Management of the reject stream
WHY PRE-TREATMENT MATTERS
Membranes fouled by untreated water fail quickly and are expensive.
WHAT TO MONITOR
Treated water quality, continuously where possible and by testing regularly.
WHAT TO RECORD
Every test, filter change, lamp replacement and cleaning.
WHY
It evidences that treatment was maintained.
WHAT TO NEVER DO
Continue production when treatment is not working.
WHY
The product is unsafe and it is your responsibility.
