The summary.
LANGUAGES TRADE OFF SPEED OF WRITING, SPEED OF RUNNING, SAFETY AND CONTROL
None achieves all of them, which is what most language arguments are actually about.
CONCEPTS TRANSFER; SYNTAX DOES NOT
Variables, control flow, functions, data structures and error handling are the same everywhere. The second language is far easier than the first.
STRONG TYPING MATTERS AS MUCH AS STATIC TYPING
A dynamically typed language can still refuse to add text to a number. Find where implicit conversion happens — that is where the surprises are.
MEMORY FAULTS ARE AMONG THE MOST SERIOUS CLASSES OF VULNERABILITY
Which is why memory-safe languages are increasingly preferred for security-sensitive work.
CONCURRENCY IS STRUCTURE; PARALLELISM IS EXECUTION
Shared changing state causes race conditions, which are intermittent and among the hardest bugs to diagnose.
THE ECOSYSTEM MATTERS MORE THAN THE SYNTAX
You will spend more time using libraries than admiring language features.
NEVER SILENTLY DISCARD AN ERROR
Catching everything and doing nothing leaves the program in an unknown state with the cause invisible.
