Options for non-developers.
THE CUSTOMISER
Appearance, Customise. Live preview of changes.
Colours, fonts, layout options, header and footer settings, additional CSS.
WHAT THEMES EXPOSE
Varies widely. Some offer extensive options, some almost none.
ADDITIONAL CSS
In the Customiser. Survives theme updates, and not theme changes.
Good for small styling adjustments.
THEME SETTINGS PANELS
Many themes have their own options page beyond the Customiser.
WHAT NOT TO USE
The built-in theme file editor in the admin.
Editing files there with no backup breaks sites regularly, and a syntax error locks you out.
FOR ANYTHING STRUCTURAL
A child theme, or a page builder, or a developer.
WHAT TO AVOID
Accumulating CSS overrides fighting the theme.
If you are writing extensive CSS to make a theme do something it does not do, the theme is wrong.